Ramadan Fasting Increases Judicial Leniency in Judges from Pakistan and India

Abstract

We estimate the impact of the Ramadan fasting ritual on criminal sentencing decisions for Pakistan and India from half a century of daily data. We use random case assignment and exogenous variation in fasting intensity within Ramadan due to the rotating Islamic calendar and the geographical latitude of the district courts to document the large effects of Ramadan fasting on decision-making. Our sample comprises roughly a half million cases and 10,000 judges from Pakistan and India. Ritual intensity increases Muslim judges’ acquittal rates, lowers their appeal and reversal rates, and does not come at the cost of increased recidivism or heightened outgroup bias. Overall, our results indicate that the Ramadan fasting ritual followed by a billion Muslims worldwide induces more lenient decisions.

Keywords

JEL codes

Replaced by

Sultan Mehmood, Avner Seror, and Daniel L. Chen, “Ramadan fasting increases leniency in judges from Pakistan and India”, Nature Human Behaviour, vol. 7, June 2023, pp. 874–880.

Reference

Sultan Mehmood, Avner Seror, and Daniel L. Chen, “Ramadan Fasting Increases Judicial Leniency in Judges from Pakistan and India”, TSE Working Paper, n. 22-1393, November 2022, revised March 2023.